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Hi,

At the end of 2018, I decided to phase-out my writing websites and start an actual blog here.

During 2019, I plan to publish a “best of” book, featuring updated versions of the most important articles – mostly tips and how-to info – I’d shared at my main writing website.

For now, this site includes:

Resources about writing fiction – especially Regency romances.
A few articles about writing ghost stories.
Resources & how-to info about writing nonfiction.

Starting in 2019, I’ll add blog posts about being a writer, and random lifestyle topics related to being the geeky, still-a-hippie person I’ve always been.

Some authors aren’t familiar with the difference between “the Gentry” and actual Peers of the Realm. It was still an important distinction in Regency England. Avoid confusing them; finicky readers will notice.

Here’s how Wikipedia explains it:

Landed gentry is a largely historical British social class consisting of land owners who could live entirely from rental income. It was distinct from, and socially “below”, the aristocracy or peerage, although in fact some of the landed gentry were as wealthy as some peers.

They often worked as administrators of their own lands, while others became public, political and armed forces figures. The decline of this privileged class largely stemmed from the 1870s agricultural depression.

The designation “landed gentry” originally referred exclusively to members of the upper class who were landlords and also commoners in the British sense, that is, they did not hold peerages, but usage became more fluid over time.

Similar or analogous social systems of landed gentry also sprang up in countries that maintained a colonial system; the term is employed in many British colonies such as the Colony of Virginia and some parts of India.

By the late 19th century, the term was also applied to peers such as the Duke of Westminster who lived on landed estates.

The book series Burke’s Landed Gentry recorded the members of this class. Successful burghers often used their accumulated wealth to buy country estates, with the aim of establishing themselves as landed gentry.

(Emphasis added.)

In Regency England — and even today, in some social circles — peers may be held in far higher esteem. “Landed gentry” can be seen as nouveau riche.

Also, remember that snobbish attitudes are more likely observed among the “top of the trees” upper class and among servants and lower classes. (However, that’s a stereotype and not an absolute rule when creating your characters.)

Between those extremes, attitudes varied by background and personal priorities, even within a household. Mrs. Bennet was very vocal about income and holdings; Mr. Bennet seemed to cheerfully accept people based on their finer qualities.

Jane Austen’s Sardonic Wit

The following article muses about the wit and subtleties of Jane Austen’s writing, as shown in Austen’s own writings.

LR Burkard There are times when I think Jane Austen and her character Lizzie Bennet (Pride and Prejudice) are more similar than one might at first think. In letters to her sister Cassandra, Jane reveals instances of caustic observations and remarks (aimed at provoking a few gleeful snickers) which are reminiscent of Miss Bennet, and almost downright nasty. Jane was not only a family wit, however, but subscribed to THE ” family wit”–the justification behind the tongue-in-cheek observations that we all so love in JA. This justification, I believe, found its expression in Mr. Bennet and Lizzie–but I get ahead of myself.

It is not surprising that Jane disliked some of her acquaintance– don’t we all? But the degree to which she is unsympathetic makes us wonder if it was just to garner a laugh, or if her antipathies ran even deeper-a surprising conjecture for one who showed such great depth of understanding of human frailty in her novels. Let me share a few of the little pokes she took at others, which, mean in nature or not, do make one laugh. Jane, ever the wit, is fabulously expressive.

“Lizzie Bond is just apprenticed to Miss Small, so we may hope to see her able to spoil gowns in a few years.”
JA 1 Dec, 1798 to Cassandra”Mrs. Hall, of Sherborne, was brought to bed yesterday of a dead child, some weeks before she expected, owing to a fright. I suppose she happened unawares to look at her husband.”

“I believe I never told you that Mrs. Coulthard and Anne, late of Manydown, are both dead, and both died in childbed. We have not regaled Mary with this news.” [Mary was Jane’s sister-in-law, who was expecting at the time. Not to tell her was a kindness, but the way she words it here is definitely a “poke.”]

Note that she doesn’t say, “sad news”, or “poor Mrs. Coulthard and Anne.” This is the real Jane, speaking unguardedly to her sister and making no effort to “sound nice” for anyone else. She would probably have told the news quite differently to other ears. But this is the point: that within Jane’s family, one was quite expected to be a bit, well, cynical. Would the word, ‘jaded’ be going too far? Perhaps. Jane wanted to amuse her sister in her letters, and no doubt Cassandra is shaking her head with us, a knowing smile on her lips as she reads, but there is a very real streak of unrepentant glee in JA’s treatment of some people.

Here’s another snippet:

“Charles Powlett gave a dance on Thursday, to the great disturbance of all his neighbours, of course, who, you know, take a most lively interest in the state of his finances, and live in hopes of his being soon ruined.”

In this case it is Mr. Powlett’s neighbors that Jane takes a stab at, but it must be noted that she does so with such sarcasm as to underscore her exaggeration. She is having fun while she writes, and one can only imagine all the little such gems and observations the two sisters shared when together in society, that are not written down.

Many of Jane’s letters were destroyed after her death by well-meaning relatives, leaving us bereft of perhaps hundreds of juicy quotes that should have both appalled and delighted us. This is an unmitigated shame. But here are more:

“I expect a very stupid Ball, there will be nobody worth dancing with, & nobody worth talking to but Catherine; for I believe Mrs. Lefroy will not be there; Lucy is to go…”

” I do not want people to be very agreeable, as it saves me the trouble of liking them a great deal.”

On another occasion Jane is writing some very welcome news regarding the future promotions of her and Cassandra’s two brothers who are serving in the Navy: She starts with: “I have got some pleasant news for you which I am eager to communicate,….” and then shares the news. Her next sentence is just so, well–Jane. She says, ” There! I may now finish my letter and go and hang myself, for I am sure I can neither write nor do anything which will not appear insipid to you after this.”

It was important to her to be amusing, informative or entertaining, besides merely keeping in touch with her much-loved sibling. The Austens were intelligent people, and goodness of character, though expected, was not emphasized to the point where it would discourage such delectably sassy thoughts. To some degree, this was a reflection of the times, as letter writing was considered an art, and wit a virtue. But Jane is not trying to form the perfect letter; she is writing to her sister with whom she was intimate and honest.

Intimations of Eternal Wit
Intimations of the Austen’s familial influence of attitudes are seen in the Bennet family when Lizzie is in her father’s study, and Mr. Bennet is vastly amused by a letter which purports that Mr. Darcy is planning to offer for Elizabeth. “Are you not amused?” he asks, expecting his daughter to join in his appreciation of what he believes to be ignorant misinformation. Listen carefully to his next words: “Is that not what we live for?” he asks, completely in earnest. “To laugh at others and in our turn, be laughed at as well?” Lizzie nods weakly in agreement–she has always agreed with this in the past–but she is not at all in the state of mind to either laugh or be laughed at, anymore.

This penchant for garnering a laugh at other’s expense is so ingrained that when Mr. Darcy visits Lizzie (after the scandal involving Lydia and Wickham is famous), she guesses that he has come “to triumph over her.” No other motivation seems possible to her, when in fact, Mr. Darcy is there to do anything but.

Back to our author. At the end of a letter to her sister which she has written on Christmas Day, 1798, Jane says, “You deserve a longer letter than this; but it is my unhappy fate seldom to treat people so well as they deserve…. God bless you!”

And yet, Jane, we love you anyway.

Regency romance divider

Linore Rose Burkard is the author of what she describes as “Spirited Romance for the Jane Austen Soul,” as well as articles on Regency Life, Homeschooling, and Self-Improvement. She publishes a monthly eZine “Upon My Word!” which you can receive for FREE by signing up at her website [http://www.LinoreRoseBurkard.com] quickly and easily. Ms. Burkard graduated from the City University of New York with a Magna Cum Laude degree in English Literature, and now lives in Ohio with her husband and five children.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/expert/Linore_Rose_Burkard/25908

Women’s Fashions of the 19th Century – Regency and Victorian Clothing Styles

Women’s fashions of the 19th century can be divided into two basic categories – Regency and Victorian. The Regency era ushered in the century and is named after George Prince Regent of Britain who took over his father’s duties after George III fell into mental illness. The Victorian era refers to the time during the reign of Queen Victoria, crowned in 1837. The Victorian period of style lasted for the rest of the 19th century.

Women’s fashion of the Regency era is typified by the Empire style dress; a high waisted dress made of lightweight fabrics based on classical Greek design. By 1825, waistlines lowered toward the natural waist and bodices became stiff, losing the softness of the early part of the century. Women began to wear corsets, a tight fitting undergarment that lasted throughout the 1800’s. Toward the end of the Regency era of fashion, skirts took on an A-line or bell shape with ruffles, puffs, and padding at the hem in a look that is known as Romantic style, or Regency Romantic.

The advent of the tight fitting bodice and the accentuation of a tiny waist ushered in a new shift in skirts. Skirts took on a dome shape created by cartridge pleats so that the skirt stood out from the body. In the mid 1800’s, skirts widened, and were supported by petti-coats. Women took to wearing several layers of petticoats to attain greater volume. Crinoline were a form of petti-coat made of a stiff, heavy fabric. The crinoline cage created even more volume and characterized mid century Victorian fashion with the huge skirts pictured in films like “Gone With the Wind.”

Later in the century, skirts began to slim down. An over-skirt was added and drawn back create a puffed effect and draped down the back. This accentuation of the posterior was highlighted by a bustle. A bustle is a pad at the rear, supported by a waistband The exaggerated fashion trend increased in proportion until skirts took on a large, shelf-like appearance in 1880.

Toward the end of the 19th century, skirts slimmed down. Sleeves increased in size, ballooning at the top and tapering toward the wrists in what is called a leg-of-mutton sleeve. The corset fell out of favor, criticized as being unhealthy and unnatural to be replaced by the S bend corset, or health corset which created a new silhouette and new look for the Edwardian Age.

For more information on Regency fashions, read this article that includes lovely pictures – http://hubpages.com/hub/Fashion-History-Early-19th-Century-Regency-and-Romantic-Styles

For more information on Victorian fashion including pictures and fashion details read – http://hubpages.com/hub/Fashion-History-Victorian-Costume-and-Design-Trends-1837-1900-With-Pictures

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/expert/Inez_Calender/424138

Sense and Sensibility (In Regency Underclothes)

LR Burkard Some authors (not to mention book covers) would have you believe that to dress in Regency style was to be overly immodest or even exposed.

I beg to differ.

The favorite fabric for a Regency gown was undeniably light-weight, being muslin-a very thin, soft cotton. Yet the Regency lady was no more exposed than she wanted to be. An amusing scene from the 1996 BBC “Pride and Prejudice” (Starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth) is when Lydia has rushed into the hallway wearing only a chemise. The strait-laced Mr. Collins is forced to pass her on his way to the staircase, I believe, and is clearly scandalized. The scene is quite funny, and Lydia herself cannot stop laughing. But what did he find so shocking?

Was it the amount of cleavage in plain sight? Hardly, for a perfectly respectable evening dress could reveal as much. It was more likely the idea of having seen a young lady in her “underclothing” which unsettled poor Mr. Collins.

Half a century earlier, such a sight would likely not have brought the slightest blush to even the most prudish, for during the 18th century, women were required to wear layers and layers of clothing consisting largely of underclothes.

Chemises, stockings, stays (corsets), hoops, panniers, and often many layers of petticoats. By the time of the Regency, costume had undergone a downright shocking reversal, ( beginning in France, which in turn was taking its ideas from classical Greek and Roman styles of antiquity), causing the heavy layers of underclothing to be discarded.

In France, women’s underclothing was in danger of becoming downright extinct–among the upper class, in particular. When this “Empire Style” crossed the channel into England, however, it became less risque, thanks to the more modest English, but the ideal of a long, straight dress, revealing the human figure beneath had still to be maintained. All those petticoats from the previous century, in short, had to go. Same for the long corsets, the hoops, the panniers.

What remained was a simple chemise, often accompanied by a short corset which served to raise and support the bust (precursor to the modern bra), which in turn might be accompanied by a petticoat. This is where personal taste came into play. The long, straight line of the figure was the fashionable ideal and no bulky under-garments could be allowed to get in the way, but ladies could, and did, wear underclothing and the petticoat never disappeared completely from the female wardrobe. The Regency is famous in caricature for the lack of female undergarments, but this propensity of exhibitionism was far less common than the cartoonists’ of the day would have you think.

Most women, like Jane Austen herself– wore sufficient undergarments, and, indeed, dressed quite modestly. The Empire day-dress used sundry manner of textile trickery to conceal the bust (such as, frills, lace, ruches and ruffs, and even light spencers) so that day garments were in particular extremely modest. The few who made do without the short corset and petticoat were probably given the most attention by newspapermen simply because they were, well, newspaperMEN!

Evening dress was more revealing, requiring a square, low bodice, but women were free to use shawls, scarves, feathers, veils and what-not (all of which came in an amazing array of sizes and styles, especially as the Regency wore on), so that they could easily appear more modestly if they so desired. Even to modern eyes, however, bodices from the day are revealing; but again this was mostly the case for evening wear, and more formal occasions. The scantily clad lady sitting in the library reading just wasn’t the way it went, no matter how romance novel designers choose to portray it!

Conclusion: There have always been people of poor taste, then no less than now. It was they who used the fashion “to an extreme”, who did not wear adequate underclothing, and who, unfortunately, represent the era to some minds. Even drawers were worn by women as early as 1804, (though admittedly not yet popular. They were taken from men’s clothing and considered coarse and crude). Princess Charlotte was discovered

to use them, however, which (despite shocking the older set), did much to popularize them with the masses, who adored her.

Given a choice between a diaphanous Regency gown complete with a chemise and corset, and today’s style of clothing for junior’s, I would wager (if I wagered, though I do not!) that the Regency style would be the more modest.

So there.

Regency divider

Linore Rose Burkard writes Inspirational Regency Romance as well as articles on Regency Life, Homeschooling, and Self-Improvement.

She publishes a monthly eZine “Upon My Word!” which you can receive for FREE by signing up at her website [http://www.Linoreroseburkard.com/Regency_eZine.html] quickly and easily. For her latest short story check Here

Ms. Burkard graduated from the City University of New York with a Magna Cum Laude degree in English Literature, and now lives in Ohio with her husband and five children.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/expert/Linore_Rose_Burkard/25908

English Names of the 1500s

The following article is about choosing RenFaire names, often meaning names from the 16th century and earlier.

However, many regency romances feature family names that are ancient (to England), or at least hereditary for many generations (suggesting respect for tradition, if not actual wealth).

So, the following article may be helpful.

FAIRE NAMES FOR ENGLISH FOLK

INTRODUCTION

There are not many easy sources for people wishing to choose a character name specifically for Elizabethan England. Here is an attempt to provide one. This article contains a list of solidly documented names from 16th century England, along with some insights into how names were chosen and used.

WHERE BABIES’ NAMES COME FROM

If you were born in Elizabethan England, you would be named by your parents when you were baptized. Usually this was just a few days after your birth. It was *not*, however, your parents who actually presented you at the church; it was your *godparents*: ideally, two women and a man if you were a girl, two men and a woman if you were a boy. It was very common for parents to try to get godparents who were higher in social status than themselves, such as local nobles or prominent people in town. Many parents also asked the baby’s grandparents, aunts or uncles to serve as godparents.

One reason the choice of godparents was important is that you would most likely be named after one of them. According to Scott Smith-Bannister’s recent study (see Sources section for references) about 75% to 85% of children were given the name of a godparent, in the cases where we know both the children’s and the godparents’ names.

His data also show that if you were not named for a godparent, you would probably be named after a parent or another close relative. You were especially likely to get the name of a particular godparent or relative if they had a lot of money or status. You and the person you were named after were referred to as “namesakes.” Thus, parents clearly did choose a child’s name with care, but usually only a few names were possible, or considered, for any one child.

FIRST NAMES

Your first name, the one given to you at baptism, was your “Christian name” or “given name.” It remained the same all your life, though you might, of course, go by a nickname (Molly for Mary, Tom for Thomas).

An Elizabethan character would NOT use what we now call a “middle name,” which is essentially an extra given name (as in Katherine Anne Cox or John Francis Ferrer). Double given names were slowly spreading on the Continent, but the custom had not yet reached England, and in fact did not become really common in English-speaking countries until much later, as late as the 19th century in places. We know of literally only a couple of dozen cases in all of Elizabethan England (before 1600), and most of them are among the nobles or people who were born abroad, such as Jane Sybilla Grey, who was born in France during Queen Mary’s reign.

LAST NAMES

As for last names, the most common type was the kind we use now, a surname or family name inherited from your father; if he was Edward Langley, you would be Mary Langley.

Interestingly, your last name was not quite as fixed as your first name. For instance, occasionally a family name might change. (As with many naming customs, money or status was often involved.) The family of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was originally named Sutton; when they acquired the Dudley lands and title, most family members began using Dudley as their surname. The change was not quite complete in Robert’s generation, and he was sometimes referred to as “Robert Duddeley alias Sutton”.

You might also be better known, especially in your local village, by a “byname” than by an inherited surname. A baker named Jeremy Staple might be known as Jeremy Baker or Master Baker rather than Master Staple. In some cases this might be passed on to his children and become the new family surname. Or if there were several Jeremys in the area and one was especially tall, short, red-haired, disabled, etc., or came originally from elsewhere, he might be called Jeremy Little, Lame Jeremy, or Jeremy Bristol.

SWIMMING IN THE NAME POOL

In the twentieth century we draw given names from an unusually large “name pool.” A name pool is a list or concept of what members of the culture feel are appropriate things to name people. For instance, we would probably accept that Alisha or Devin or Jothan or LaShalla are “names.” But while “moon” and “unit” are perfectly okay English words, Moon Unit Zappa doesn’t seem like a person’s name to us; these words are not in our name pool.

The Elizabethan pool of given names was MUCH smaller than ours. There were only about 30 to 40 common names in circulation for each gender, with perhaps another 100 or so that you would run across from time to time. According to Janell Lovelace’s statistics, eventy percent of all women were named Elizabeth, Joan, Margaret, Anne, Alice, Agnes, Mary, Jane or Katherine. More than one out of every four men was named John, and 70% of all men were named John, Thomas, William, Richard, or Robert.

The name pool for surnames was much larger. This booklet lists over 1,000 surnames and is by no means comprehensive. One reason is that while given names traditionally came mainly from a limited number of popular European saints, surnames come from a much greater variety of sources: place names (Nottingham, Boston), occupations (Chandler, Osteller), a father’s or ancestor’s given name (Philips, Johnson), or other bynames (Cristemas, Prowd, White).

THOSE WILD AND WACKY PURITANS

People sometimes get the impression that Biblical and “virtue” names were common in England at this time, especially among Puritans. This is only partly true. Smith-Bannister’s study shows that a few names from the Bible, like Mary, John, Elizabeth and Thomas, were indeed common, and had been so for generations. And Charity and Grace do make it into his top 50 women’s names. But the more exotic names, like Bathsheba or Ezra, and most of the “virtue” names like Prudence or Reformation, were not much thought of until the 1630s and 1640s — two generations after Queen Elizabeth. And Smith-Bannister’s studies of individual counties show that even in the most heavily Puritan districts, only about one out of six children was given either of these types of names.

MEN’S GIVEN NAMES

The list of the most common men’s given names in England stayed pretty nearly constant from the 1530s through 1700, especially the top four or five names, though the exact order changed a bit. It’s notable how dominant the top few names are; the top five names account for 70% of all men studied. The figures from Janell Lovelace are:

John 29%
Thomas 14%
William 14%
Richard 7%
Robert 6%
Henry 3%
Nicholas 3%
Edward 2%
Walter 2%

The top 50 men’s names listed by Scott Smith-Bannister for the 1560s and 1570s (a larger sample, with a more specific date ocus) follow this trend fairly well. Reading down from the first column, in order from most common to least, they are:

John	Nicholas	Leonard	Samuel	Arthur
Thomas	Ralph	Martin	Allen	David
William	Christopher	Simon	Charles	Fulke
Robert	Anthony	Peter	Alexander	Luke
Richard	Matthew	Philip	Gregory	Mathias
Henry	Edmund	Stephen	Nathaniel	Tobias
George	Walter	Lawrence	Abraham	Isaac
Edward	Hugh	Roger	Barnaby	Jerome
James	Andrew	Daniel	Geoffrey	Joseph
Francis	Humphrey	Michael	Reynold	Rowland

Some additional, slightly less popular names are:

Adam	Bartholomew	Gerard	Lancelot	Oswyn
Adrian	Benedict	Gilbert	Mark	Piers
Ambrose	Bernard	Giles	Miles	Solomon
Avery	Cuthbert	Julian	Oliver	Valentine

WOMEN’S GIVEN NAMES

The top five to ten women’s given names are somewhat more variable from decade to decade, and not quite so dominant. It takes nine names rather than five to account for 70% of all women studied, and Elizabeth, the most common women’s name, is only about half as common as John is for men. The figures from Janell Lovelace are:

Elizabeth 15%
Joan 12%
Margaret 11%
Anne 9%
Alice 8%
Agnes 6%
Isabel 4%
Katherine 3%
Mary 3%
Jane 3%
Margery 2%

The top 50 women’s names listed by Scott Smith-Bannister for the 1560s and 1570s follow this trend fairly well. In approximate order from most common to least, they are:

Elizabeth	Isabel	Christian	Barbara	Julian
Joan	Dorothy	Edith	Rachel	Philippa
Margaret	Margery	Emma	Charity	Audrey
Agnes	Susanna	Lucy	Mabel	Helen
Alice	Ellen	Martha	Millicent	Janet
Anne	Sarah	Marion	Rose	Sybil
Mary	Clemence	Cecily	Thomasin	Ursula
Jane	Frances	Frideswide	Fortune	Avis
Catherine	Joyce	Grace	Gillian	Beatrice
Elinor	Bridget	Amy	Judith	Blanche

Some additional, slightly less common names are:

Ruth	Constance	Florence	Maria	Parnell
Wilmot	Denise	Josian	Maud	Rebecca
Christina	Ellen	Lettice	Mildred	Winifred

SOME PRE-1600 ENGLISH SURNAMES

I have edited Janell Lovelace’s list of surnames with an eye towards Faire. Some of the spellings have been modernized so the names are recognizable, and so that it’s clear how to pronounce them, since names at Faire are more often spoken than written. I’ve removed duplicates, and a few names have been dropped because they have very strong associations with one or more famous people from Elizabeth’s reign — a theatrical decision, not a historical one. There are still over 1,000 to choose from: (or you can skip this long table.)

Abell	Charlis	Fitton	Lond	Saynsbery
Abery	Chase	Gage	London	Scarclyf
Acworth	Chatwyn	Galey	Long	Scollfyld
Adams	Chauncey	Garard	Longton	Scot
Alard	Chaundeler	Gardyner	Lovell	Scrogs
Albyn	Cheberell	Gare	Loveney	Scrope
Aldebourne	Chechester	Garneys	Loveryk	Sedley
Alfraye	Cheddar	Garret	Lowe	Sedlow
Alikok	Chelde	Gascoigne	Lowthe	Seger
Alington	Chelseye	Gasper	Lucy	Selwyn
Alleine	Chernocke	Gavell	Ludsthorp	Sencler
Amcottes	Chester	Gaynesford	Luke	Sentjohn
Amondesham	Chetwoode	Geddyng	Lumbarde	Serche
Andrews	Cheyne	Geffray	Lupton	Sever
Annesley	Child	George	Lyfelde	Seymour
Ansty	Chowne	Gerard	Lymsey	Seyntaubyn
Archer	Chudderle	Gerville	Lynde	Seys
Ardalle	Churmound	Geste	Lyon	Sharman
Arderne	Chylton	Gibbs	Lyrypine	Shawe
Argentein	Chyrche	Gifford	Lysle	Sheffeld
Arnold	Claimond	Gilbert	Lytcott	Sheraton
Arthur	Clarell	Ginter	Lyttleburye	Sherbourne
Asger	Clark	Glenham	Lytton	Sherman
Ashenhurst	Clavell	Glennon	Lyveryche	Shevington
Ashtor	Claybrook	Glover	Makepiece	Shingleton
Askew	Cleffort	Goberd	Malemayns	Shipwash
Asplyn	Clement	Goddam	Malster	Shiveley
Assheby	Clerk	Godfrey	Maltoun	Shorditch
Assheton	Clifton	Golde	Malyns	Shosmyth
Astley	Clitherow	Golding	Manfield	Shotbolt
Atherton	Clopton	Goldwell	Manston	Shylton
Atkinson	Clyfford	Gomersall	Mapilton	Sibill
Atlee	Cobbe	Gomfrey	Marcheford	Silvester
Addicock	Cobham	Gonson	Mareys	Skipwith
Attilburgh	Coblegh	Good	Markeley	Sleford
Aubrey	Cockayne	Goodenouth	Marsham	Slyfield
Audeley	Cod	Goodere	Marten	Smith
Auldyngton	Codington	Goodluck	Mason	Snayth
Aumberden	Coffyn	Goodnestone	Massyngberde	Snell
Ayde	Coggeshall	Goodryke	Maudit	Snelling
Ayleward	Colard	Goodryngton	Mauntell	Sotton
Aylmer	Colby	Goodwyn	Maycot	Sparrow
Aynesworth	Cole	Goring	Maydestone	Spebynton
Ayshecombe	Colkins	Gorney	Mayne	Speir
Babham	Colmer	Gorste	Maynwaring	Spelman
Babyngton	Colt	Gosebourne	Mede	Spencer
Bacon	Complyn	Grafton	Medeley	Spetyll
Badby	Compton	Greenway	Merden	Spicer
Bailey	Conquest	Grene	Mereworth	Sprottle
Baker	Cooke	Grenefeld	Merstun	Sprunt
Balam	Coorthopp	Greville	Merton	Stace
Baldwin	Copinger	Grey	Metcalf	Stanbury
Ballard	Corbett	Grobbam	Michelgrove	Standon
Ballett	Corby	Grofhurst	Millys	Stanley
Bamard	Cosworth	Groston	Milsent	Stanwix
Barantyn	Cossale	Grove	Moland	Staple
Barber	Cosyngton	Grymbalde	Molyngton	Staunton
Bardolf	Cotton	Guildeforde	Molyns	Staverton
Baret	Coulthurst	Gyll	Monde	Stepney
Barfoot	Courtenay	Gysborne	Montacute	Stevyn
Barker	Covert	Gyttyns	Montagu	Stodeley
Barnes	Cowill	Hache	Moore	Stoke
Barre	Cox	Hackeman	More	Stokerton
Barrentyne	Crane	Haddock	Morecote	Stokes
Barstaple	Cranford	Haddon	Morley	Stokey
Bartelot	Crawley	Hadresham	Mortymer	Stokton
Barton	Crekett	Hakebourne	Moryet	Stocks
Basset	Cressy	Hale	Morys	Stone
Batherst	Crispe	Hall	Motesfont	Stoner
Battersby	Cristemas	Halley	Mowfurth	Stoughton
Battyl	Crocker	Halshan	Mugge	Strachleigh
Baynton	Crugge	Hambard	Mullens	Strader
Beauchamp	Cryppys	Hammer	Muston	Strangewayes
Beaumont	Cuddon	Hamond	Myddilton	Strelley
Beaurepaire	Culpeper	Hampden	Myllet	Strete
Bedell	Cunnyngham	Hancock	Mylner	Stubbe
Bedgbery	Curson	Hansart	Narbrige	Styles
Bedingfeld	Curteys	Harbird	Nash	Stylle
Beel	Daelyngridge	Harbotle	Neceham	Styward
Beer	Dagworth	Harcourt	Nele	Sulyard
Bekyngham	Dale	Hardy	Nevinson	Sumner
Bell	Dalison	Harewell	Newdegate	Swan
Bende	Damsell	Hargreve	Newman	Swetecok
Bennet	Danet	Harlakinden	Noke	Swetenham
Benthey	Danvers	Harleston	Norbury	Switte
Berdwell	Darcy	Harley	Norden	Symeon
Berecraft	Darley	Harpeden	Norrys	Symons
Beresford	Daubernoun	Harper	North	Tabard
Berkhead	Daunce	Harris	Northwoode	Tame
Bernard	Daundelyon	Harryses	Norton	Taylor
Bernewelt	Dauntesay	Harte	Norwich	Tedcastle
Berney	Davers	Harwood	Norwood	Theobauld
Berry	Davy	Hasard	Notfelde	Thomas
Berwyk	Dawne	Hatteclyff	Notyngham	Thornburgh
Best	Day	Haukesworth	Nysell	Thorne
Beton	Deacons	Hawkins	Obson	Thornton
Bettesthorne	Delabere	Hawtrey	Oke	Thorp
Bewforest	Delamere	Haye	Oken	Throkmorton
Bewley	Dely	Hayes	Oliver	Thursby
Bexley	Demoke	Hayton	Olyngworthe	Tibborde
Bigley	Dencourt	Helme	Osborne	Tilghman
Bilingford	Dene	Henshawe	Osteler	Tiploft
Bischoptree	Denton	Herleston	Osyllbury	Topsfield
Bishop	Denys	Heron	Outlawe	Torryngton
Bladwell	Dericote	Hertcombe	Oxenbrigg	Tothyll
Blakeley	Dering	Herwy	Page	Town
Blakewell	Deryngton	Hewes	Pagge	Tregonwell
Blaknall	Desford	Heydon	Palmer	Treningham
Blakwall	Digby	Heywood	Panshawe	Trenowyth
Blakwell	Dixton	Heyworth	Papley	Trevet
Blenerhayset	Doddle	Hicchecok	Parker	Trumpington
Blexham	Dogmersfield	Higate	Parret	Tubney
Blodwell	Donnet	Higden	Parris	Turner
Blome	Doreward	Hille	Parsons	Twarby
Blondell	Dormer	Hoare	Paston	Tweedye
Blount	Dove	Hobart	Pattesley	Tyndall
Blundell	Dow	Hobert	Payne	Tyrell
Boddinham	Downer	Hodgeson	Peacok	Ufford
Bohan	Draper	Holbrook	Pecke	Underhill
Boote	Draw	Holcot	Peckham	Unton
Boothe	Drayton	Holes	Peele	Upton
Borell	Driland	Holland	Pekham	Urswic
Borrow	Dryden	Holsey	Peletoot	Vass
Bosby	Dunch	Holt	Peltie	Vaughan
Bost	Duncombe	Holton	Pemberton	Vawdrey
Bostock	Dunham	Hopton	Pen	Veldon
Boston	Duredent	Horman	Penhallick	Verney
Boteler	Dusteby	Hornebolt	Pennebrygg	Vernon
Bothy	Dye	Hornley	Perchehay	Vinter
Bouldre	Dygenys	Horsey	Perot	Wade
Bourne	Dyneley	Horthall	Perryvalle	Wadham
Boville	Dynham	Horton	Petham	Wake
Bowcer	Echyngham	Hosteler	Petley	Waldegrave
Bowett	Edgar	Hotham	Pettit	Waldeley
Bownell	Edgcomb	Howard	Pettwoode	Walden
Bowthe	Edgerley	Huchenson	Peyton	Walford
Bowyar	Edwards	Huddleston	Phelip	Walkden
Bradbridge	Egerton	Hugeford	Philips	Walker
Bradshawe	Eggerley	Hunden	Playters	Wallace
Bradstane	Eglisfelde	Hungate	Plessi	Walley
Bradston	Eldysley	Hunston	Plymmyswoode	Walrond
Bramfield	Elmebrigge	Hurst	Poffe	Walsch
Brampton	Elyot	Hussey	Pole	Waltham
Branche	Elys	Hyde	Polsted	Walton
Branwhait	Emerson	Hyenson	Polton	Wanteley
Brassie	Engeham	Hylderley	Porter	Wappelode
Braunstone	Engleford	Hyll	Portyngton	Warbulton
Bray	Englysche	Inwood	Potter	Warde
Brayles	Epworth	Isley	Poulet	Wardeby
Brecknock	Erewaker	Jackmann	Pownder	Wardrieu
Bredham	Ermyn	Jackson	Pratt	Wardyworth
Brent	Ertham	James	Pray	Warner
Bret	Esmund	Janner	Prelatte	Warren
Brewse	Estbury	Jarman	Prophete	Wayte
Brewster	Estney	Jay	Prowd	Webb
Brewys	Estone	Jendring	Purlles	Weekes
Bridgeman	Etton	Jenney	Pursglove	Welbek
Briggs	Everard	Johnson	Purvoche	Welby
Brinckhurst	Everdon	Jordan	Pygott	Wellins
Brodeway	Evrenden	Joslyne	Pylet	Wenman
Brodnax	Evyngar	Joulon	Pynnoke	Wensley
Brokhill	Eyer	Jowchet	Pynty	West
Brocksby	Eyston	Kekilpenny	Quintin	Westbrook
Brome	Fabyan	Kellett	Radley	Westlake
Brook	Faldo	Kelly	Rampston	Weston
Brougham	Fane	Kemp	Ramsey	Wetherden
Broughton	Faryndon	Kent	Ratcliff	Wexcombe
Brouncker	Faylare	Keriell	Rawlyn	Whalley
Brownflet	Fayneman	Kesteven	Rawson	White
Brownyng	Felbrigg	Key	Raynsford	Whitewood
Browet	Feld	Kidwelly	Rede	Whowood
Brown	Fenton	Killigrew	Redman	Whytton
Brudenell	Ferrer	Kinge	Reeve	Whytyng
Bryan	Feversham	Knevynton	Reynes	Wightman
Bryn	Ffrewyll	Knighton	Reynesford	Wilkins
Brystowe	Fienley	Knody	Richeman	Willardsey
Bulkeley	Finch	Knoyll	Rikhill	Williams
Bulstrode	Fitzgeffrey	Knyvet	Risley	Willmer
Burgess	Fitzherbert	Kottow	Roberts	Willys
Burgh	Fitzlewis	Kydwelly	Robertson	Wilson
Burghehyll	Fitzralph	Kyllyngworth	Robins	Windham
Burgoyn	Fitzwarym	Kyrkeby	Robynson	Wingfield
Burlton	Fitzwilliyam	Kytson	Rochester	Wiseman
Burnell	Fleet	la Barre	Rochforth	Woodbrygge
Burton	Fleming	la Hale	Roland	Woode
Buryngton	Fletewoode	la Penne	Rolleston	Woodeward
Bushe	Flexney	Lacy	Rondel	Wolrond
Buslingthorpe	Flower	Laken	Ront	Wolstonton
Bushbury	Fodde	Lamber	Roper	Worsley
Butler	Fogg	Lambton	Rotheley	Wotton
Byfield	Foliot	Langeton	Rous	Wreke
Byllyng	Foljambe	Langham	Rowdon	Wrenne
Byngham	Follywolle	Langstone	Rowe	Wright
Byrde	Folon	Lappage	Rowlatt	Wulvedon
Byschoppeson	Folsham	Latham	Rowley	Wyard
Caley	Forde	Latton	Rudhall	Wyatt
Callthorp	Fortescue	Launceleyn	Rufford	Wyddowsoun
Campeden	Fortey	Lave	Ruggenale	Wyghtham
Canon	Fowler	Lawnder	Ruggeweyn	Wylcotes
Canteys	Fox	le Bone	Rusche	Wylde
Cantilupe	Francey	Leeche	Russell	Wylmot
Carbonall	Frankeleyn	Leeds	Ryall	Wymer
Cardiff	Fraunces	Lehenard	Rykeworth	Wyncall
Carew	Freer	Leigh	Rynger	Wynston
Carlyll	Freville	Leighlin	Ryppringham	Wynstryngham
Carter	Frilende	Leman	Sacheverell	Wynter
Cary	Frilleck	Lenton	Sackville	Wythinghall
Caseberde	Frogenhall	Lestrange	Sadler	Wyvil
Cassy	Fromond	Letterford	Salford	Yate
Castell	Froste	Leventhorpe	Salle	Yaxley
Castletown	Frowseloure	Leverer	Salter	Yden
Catesby	Frye	Leveson	Saltonstall	Yelverton
Cavell	Fryth	Lewys	Sampson	Yerde
Caxaton	Fulburne	Leynham	Samuell	York
Cely	Fulmer	Leynthall	Sanburne	Yornold
Chamburleyn	Funteyn	Lichefield	Sandes	Young
Champneys	Furnace	Livesey	Saunders
Chanceler	Fynderne	Lloyd	Saunterton
Chancey	Fyneux	Lockton	Savill
Chapman	Fysher	Lodyngton	Sayer

A WORD ABOUT THE WELSH, SCOTS AND IRISH

Note that if you are from Wales, Scotland, or Ireland, the name pools you draw from may be quite different, along with the common methods of forming names. A few notes may help.

Wales had its own distinctive naming practices and a largely separate name pool. The usual form of surname was a patronymic (derived from your father’s given name). For a man, this is: [given name] ap [your father’s given name] (such as Owein ap Griffith). For women, [given name] verch [your father’s given name] (Myfanwy verch Eynon). There were also some areas of Wales that had been under English law for 100 years or more, where English names and name patterns were more common (such as Owen Tudor, King Henry VIII’s grandfather — an English-pattern name using Welsh components).

Scotland is actually divided into two rather different cultural areas. In the lowland and urban parts of Scotland, your naming practices and name pool would be very similar to the English (though with some regional differences). The common language spoken in these parts of Scotland was Scots, a version of English (or a language close to English) and not Gaelic. In fact, the Scots-speaking culture has in some ways more affinities (dress, customs, etc.) with English culture of the time than with the Gaelic culture in the Highlands.

In the Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlands, the type of “clans” we usually think of, with fixed, inherited surnames, didn’t appear until long after our period, in fact not till about the 18th century. During the reign of Elizabeth in England, by far the commonest form of surname in Gaelic-speaking areas is a patronymic. For a man, this produces a name like: [given name] mac [possessive form of your father’s given name], such as Eoin mac Donnchaidh. For a woman, [given name] inghean [possessive form of your father’s given name] (Dearbhorgaill inghean Dhomhnaill). Patronymics account for the overwhelming majority of the period Gaelic surnames we know or can guess at (though unfortunately, very few Gaelic names are recorded in Gaelic in Scotland).

In Ireland, also a Gaelic-speaking country, these same patronymics were used as well, and were formed in basically the same way.

However in Ireland there was also another common alternative: the clan byname. The pattern for clan bynames for men is [given name] ó [clan ancestor’s given name] (Conmhaol ó Conchobhair). For women, [given name] inghean uí [clan ancestor’s given name] (Siobhán inghean uí Mháille). The clan ancestor referred to would be the man, usually several generations back, after whom the clan was named.

NOTE that both Irish and Scottish Gaelic have a complex grammar that has major effects on how names are pronounced and spelled. Dictionaries and name books are generally not very helpful with this. It’s a very good idea to consult someone knowledgeable about the languages (and about historic naming practices in these languages), in order to get a Welsh, Scottish or Irish name right.

CHOOSING A NAME FOR RENAISSANCE FAIRE

Consider the pattern of names you would expect to find in your Elizabethan village. You would probably meet many Margarets, a few Dorothys, perhaps one Maud, and probably no one named Tamara or Chastity. As twentieth-century humans, we have a natural tendency to pick a name that is “different” in order to emphasize our individuality. But Elizabethans seem instead to have chosen names that were common in their families and communities, apparently as a way of expressing their family and community ties.

This is a very different mind-set and it is worth trying to understand it. It can also be a source of some good theatrical “bits” — Who were your godparents? Who are you named after? How many Catherines are in your guild, and how do you tell them apart? (Here’s where bynames come in handy.)

Also, before you get too attached to one particular name, try your chosen first and last names on several of your friends to see how you like them, whether they’re easy to say, and whether there are any obvious bad jokes on your name that you won’t want to live with. (For instance, William Bates might not like being addressed as Master Bates!)

MAJOR SOURCES AND HELP

The names and information in this article come from several very good statistical studies of Elizabethan names.

A good (though rather dry) recent study of given names is Names and Naming Patterns in England 1538-1700, by Scott Smith-Bannister (Oxford Historical Monographs, Clarendon Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-820663-1).

Name lists that are not from Smith-Bannister are originally from the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology’s index to its brass rubbings collection at Oxford University. The compilation I’ve used is by Janell K. Lovelace and is available on the World Wide Web at <http://www.panix.com/~mittle/names/arval/brasses/>.

A similar study by Brian M. Scott, titled “Late Sixteenth Century English Given Names,” is available at <http://www.panix.com/~mittle/names/talan/eng16/>.

The Academy of S. Gabriel at <http://www.s-gabriel.org/> is an excellent name resource, although Elizabethan England falls at the end of their time period. Their focus is on the best possible historical accuracy. The Academy also offers a consulting service if you have in-depth questions about a historically accurate name (they will help you with Welsh or Gaelic names, for instance), although due to their small and completely volunteer staff, a response may take several weeks.

For Scottish and Irish names, before you do anything else please read “Scottish Names 101” and “Quick and Easy Gaelic Bynames”, both by Sharon Krossa, and available at <http://www.stanford.edu/~skrossa/medievalscotland/> or through links from the S. Gabriel Website.

For Welsh names, Heather Rose Jones has written “A Simple guide to Constructing 16th Century Welsh Names in English Contexts,” also available through the S. Gabriel Website.

All these authors can be contacted through S. Gabriel if you have questions about names in their specific languages and cultures. I am also greatly indebted to them for helping me with this project, although any mistakes are, of course, my own.

I’m also available to field questions about Faire names in general. My focus, like St. Gabriel’s, is on historical accuracy. I can be contacted at <[email protected]>.

OTHER HELPFUL BOOKS

It doesn’t have much to say about naming as such, but for a detailed and fascinating discussion of Elizabethan birth, baptism, and godparents, I recommend David Cressy’s Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion and the Life Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England. (Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-820168-0)

If you are interested in a possible name that is not in this article, probably the best and most easily accessible standard name references that cover this period are the following. Most large libraries are likely to have them.

Withycombe, E.G., The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press.

Reaney & Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames, Oxford University Press, 1995. Or the earlier edition: Reaney, P.H., A Dictionary of British Surnames, 2nd ed., Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976. This will also tell you correct 16th-century spellings for names in this article’s surname list, some of which are given in their 14th- or 15th-century forms.

Ekwall, Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1989. A good source for anyone who wants an English surname taken from a place-name.

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Copyright 1999 by Chris Laning. Unlimited reproduction of this article in print or electronic media for nonprofit educational purposes is permitted, provided it is reproduced in full including this copyright notice, and no money is charged beyond the cost of copying. All other rights reserved.

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____________________________________________
O Chris Laning
| <[email protected]>
+ “Mistress Christian Ashley,” Guild of St. George,
RPFN
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Regency Romances – Why Now?

Why are Regency romances gaining in popularity? There may be many answers.

Regency romances seem to trend every 30 or so years. In the past, they peaked in the mid-1950s and mid-1980s. We’re due for another surge.

In general, historical romances have gained recent interest thanks to the popularity of shows such as Downton Abbey.

And, as Chip MacGregor reminded us, “In a lousy economy, people want a book that’s an escape to a simpler time, so historicals were doing well.”

Currently, whether we look at some areas of the economy, or the political scene, or even recent weather patterns, we see reasons people may want to escape to a happier time.

Most Regency romances are set in a world where economic woes may be resolved by an advantageous marriage… always for love, of course.

Social rules in Regency romances tend to emphasize politeness to an extreme.

Will the current trend last? As a surge of interest, probably not. One need only skim the 2008 Popular Fiction Report to see how quickly popularity can shift.

However, a casual survey of popular romance subgenres will show a steady, loyal readership for Regency romances. I doubt that it will ever dip as low as 1000 True Fans, but the audience is there. Always.

Regency Titles and Inheritance

If you’re writing regency romance, you absolutely must get titles right. Not just what his or her title is, but how the person is addressed. Regency historians and purists will dismiss your book – sometimes viciously – if you get this wrong.

Among my favorite articles on this topic are:

Common Regency Errors, by Allison Lane (That’s a Wayback Machine link. I recommend copying the information for your personal use, in case that page ever disappears.)

Ms. Lane’s information has been summarized very nicely at A Primer on Regency Peerage and Precedence, by Kristen Koster.

This is a good “cheat sheet” when you need the right title in a hurry: Regency Manor – Terms of Address.

I also like Addressing the Duke and Getting His Loot, a guide to English titles, forms of address and inheritance laws during the Regency period, Presented by Emily Hendrickson and Al Lansdowne at the Beau Monde Conference “A Regency Mill” July 28, 1999.

However, one of my favorite articles on the topic is by the late Jo Beverley. And, since I’m not sure what will happen with her website – and she did give permission to copy this article – here it is:

ENGLISH TITLES IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES

by Jo Beverley
Member of the RWA Hall of Fame for Regency Romance.
“Arguably today’s most skilful writer of intelligent historical romance.” Publishers Weekly

This brief run-down of English titles is for use by fiction writers. It is by no means comprehensive, but covers the more common situations arising in novels set in the above periods.

At the end I address the question of choosing fictional titles.

The English peerage basically runs according to primogeniture, ie the eldest son gets nearly everything. If a peer has no eldest son, the title and possessions that belong to it go to the next male heir, probably a brother or nephew.

There are a very few titles that can pass to a female if there is no direct heir, but they will revert to the male line when the lady bears a son. (Such as the monarchy.) Some titles can automatically pass through a female heir (when there is no male heir) and most can be revived by subsequent generations by petitioning to the Crown. But that’s getting into more complicated areas. If your plot depends on something unusual, please do research it thoroughly before going ahead.

The eldest son is called the heir apparent, since he is clearly the heir. If there is no such son, the next in line is called the heir presumptive since, no matter how unlikely (the duke is actually an ancient Benedictine Monk on his death bed) the possibility of a closer heir being created is still there. Thus an heir presumptive does not hold an heir’s title, if any. (See below about heir’s titles.)

If a peer dies leaving a wife but no son, the heir inherits unless the widow says she might be with child. It is for her to do that. If she stays silent, it is assumed that she is not. If she’s pregnant, everything waits until the child is born.

An heir must be legitimate at birth to inherit a title, though that could mean a marriage ceremony performed while the mother is in labor. A peer may raise bastards with devotion and/or marry the mother later, but a bastard child can never be his legal heir.

Peers automatically had seats in the House of Lords. Note, however, that courtesy titles (those held by heirs) do not give seats, or any of the other privileges of the peerage.

Most peers do not use their surnames as their title. Thus, the usual pattern would be something like Sebastian Burgoyne, Earl of Malzard. He is Lord Malzard never Lord Burgoyne. (Or, for that matter, Lord Sebastian.) As an author, you might like variety, but take as a general rule is that no one ever had two forms of address.

THE RANKS OF THE PEERAGE

A) Leaving aside royalty, the highest rank is DUKE.

His wife is the DUCHESS. They will be duke and duchess of something, eg. Duke and Duchess of Ithorne. Address is “your grace”, though familiars may address them as Duke and Duchess eg “Fine weather for shooting, eh, Duke?” or may address the duke by title. “Care for more port, Ithorne?”

NOTE that the duke will also have a family name, ie. surname (such as Cavendish) but will not use it in the normal course of events. The duchess does not use the surname at all. If Anne Pitt marries the Duke of Stone (whose family name is Cherry), she will be Duchess of Stone and will informally sign herself Anne Stone, not Anne Cherry.

The duke’s eldest son is his heir and will have his father’s second-best title as his courtesy title. Nearly all peers have a number of titles marking their climb up the ranks. The heir to a duke is often the next lowest ranking peer, a marquess (or marquis — spelling is optional, but both are pronounced markwess.) The title could, however, be an earldom, or even a viscountcy.

Remember, a courtesy title does not give the holder a seat in the House of Lords or other privileges of the peerage.

If the heir has a son before the heir becomes duke, that son will take the next lowest title as a courtesy title. If the heir dies before his father, his eldest son becomes the heir apparent and takes his father’s title.

Apart from the heir, a duke’s sons are given the courtesy title Lord with their Christian name, eg. Lord Richard Somerset. Lord Peter Wimsey. They are never Lord Somerset or Lord Wimsey.

All duke’s daughters are given the courtesy title Lady, first name, surname eg. Lady Mary Clarendon. (Never Lady Clarendon.) If they marry a commoner, they retain the title. If Lady Mary marries Mr. Sticklethwait, she becomes Lady Mary Sticklethwait. If she marries a peer, she adopts his title. If Lady Mary marries the Earl of Herrick, she becomes Countess of Herrick, ie. Lady Herrick. If she marries the holder of a courtesy title, then she may use his title or her birth title as she wishes.

I’m hammering this home, but it’s the most common error in novels. In all cases, the titles Lord or Lady “first name” “surname” (eg Lady Anne Middleton) and Lord or Lady “last name” or “title” (Lady Middleton) are exclusive. No one can be both at the same time. Moreover, Lord or Lady “first name” is a title conferred at birth. It cannot be gained later in life except when the father accedes to a title and thus raises his family.

So, Lady Mary Smith is not Lady Smith and vice versa.
Lord John Brown in not Lord Brown and vice versa.
If Mary Smith marries Lord Brown she becomes Lady Brown, not Lady Mary.
(If she marries Lord John Brown, she becomes Lady John Brown. Yes, it may sound odd to modern ears, but the past is, as they say, a different country. That’s the charm of historical fiction.)

B) Next in rank is a MARQUESS (As above, it can be spelled marquis or marquess, but in either case is pronounced markwess.)

He will be Marquess of something, eg Marquess of Rothgar. His wife is the MARCHIONESS. (Pronounced “marshuness”.) He is the Marquess of Rothgar, or Lord Rothgar, or Rothgar to his familiars, and his wife is the Marchioness of Rothgar or Lady Rothgar. She will sign herself “firstname” “title” eg. Diana Rothgar.

His heir apparent takes his next highest title as a courtesy title. All other sons have the title Lord “firstname” “surname”. All daughters have the title Lady “firstname” “surname”. Details are as for duke.

C) Below marquess is EARL.

He will nearly always be earl of something. His wife is the COUNTESS. He is referred to as “the Earl of Saxonhurst” or “Lord Saxonhurst”, or “Saxonhurst” to his familiars. Some earls do not use “of” as with Earl Spencer, b and in that case the family surname will be the same as the title — in this case, Spencer — but this is sufficiently unusual that I think it should be avoided in fiction unless it’s a crucial plot point.

His wife is the Countess of Saxonhurst, or Lady Saxonhurst, and she will sign herself Minerva (or Meg — viz Forbidden Magic — Saxonhurst.

As with a duke, the earl’s heir will take the next lowest title as a courtesy title, and the heir’s son, the next again.

All daughters of an earl are given the courtesy title Lady “firstname”; — see dukes. All details are the same. Younger sons of an earl, however, are merely “the honorable” which is not used in casual speech.

D) Next is a VISCOUNT (pronounced vycount.)

His wife is a VISCOUNTESS. He is not “of”. He will be, for example, Viscount Middlethorpe, usually known as Lord Middlethorpe, or just Middlethorpe. His wife will be known as Lady Middlethorpe and will sign herself Serena Middlethorpe.

His heir has no special title. All children are known as the honorable.

E) The lowest rank in the peerage is BARON.

His wife is a BARONESS. NOTE that the terms baron and baroness are only used in England in the most formal documents, or when the distinction has to be made elsewhere. General usage is simply to call them Lord and Lady. She will sign herself “firstname” “title”. Children as for viscount.

F) Next in rank — and not of the peerage — is BARONET.

A baronet is called Sir, first name, surname. eg. Sir Richard Wellesley. His wife is called Lady “surname”; eg. Lady Wellesley. NOT Lady Mary Wellesley unless she is the daughter of a duke, marquess, or earl. She will sign herself “firstname” “surname” such as Mary Wellesley.

His children have no special distinction. The title, however, is inheritable which distinguishes it from….

G) A KNIGHT who is the same as a baronet in usage, but is a title for life only. His wife will be Lady “surname.”

OTHER MATTERS

DOWAGERS

When a titled lady is widowed she becomes a dowager, but the practice has generally been not to use that title until the heir takes a wife, when there could be confusion as to who is the real Lady Middlethorpe. (As happens in my novel, Forbidden.)

Even if she has a daughter-in-law, in general usage she would still be referred to by the simple title unless there was likely to be confusion. So, if the Dowager Duchess of Teale was at a house party while her daughter-in-law was in London, people would not be constantly referring to her as the dowager duchess.

PEERESSES IN THEIR OWN RIGHT

There are a few, very few, titles that can pass to a daughter if there is no son — the Royal Family, for example. In this case, the usage is the same as if they were the wife of a peer of that rank, but their husband gains no title from the marriage, just as the Duke of Edinburgh is not king.

A Peeress in her Own Right retains her title after marriage, and if her husband’s rank is the superior one, she is designated by the two titles jointly, the inferior one last. Or she can say what form she wants to use. (eg The marchioness of Rothgar is also the Countess of Arradale by right. She chooses to be Lady Rothgar and Arradale in the most formal situations, Lady Rothgar in general, but Lady Arradale in private, especially when attending to her duties as Countess of Arradale. Unusual situations do tend to get complicated.) Her hereditary claim to her title holds good in spite of any marriage, and will be passed on.

Since the husband gains no title from such a marriage, it’s possible to have the Countess of Arbuthnot married to Mr. Smith.

Her eldest son will be her heir and take her next lowest title. If she has no son, her eldest daughter will be her heir, but until she becomes the peer she will hold only the title that comes from her birth — eg. Lady Anne — if any, because an eldest daughter is always an heir presumptive. There might still be a boy.

COMMON PROBLEMS SEEN IN NOVELS

Interchanging courtesy titles like Lady Mary Smith and Lady Smith.
Interchanging peerage titles, as when Michael Downs, Earl of Rosebury is variously known as Lord Rosebury, Lord Downs, and Lord Michael Downs.
Applying titles that don’t belong, as when Jane Potts marries Viscount Twistleton and erroneously becomes Lady Jane, a title form that can only come by birth.
Having the widow of just about anyone, but especially a peer, remarry before time has elapsed to be sure she is not bearing a child. Or rather, whose child it is that she bears!
Having the heir presumptive assume the title and powers before the widow has made it clear that she’s not going to produce an heir.
Having an adopted son inherit a title. Legal adoption was not possible in England until the twentieth century, and even now an adopted son cannot inherit a title. Even if the son is clearly the father’s offspring, if he wasn’t born after a legal marriage, he cannot inherit the father’s title. However, since they didn’t have DNA testing, a child was assumed to be legitimate unless the father denied it from the first. Even if the son turns out to look suspiciously like the vicar, the father cannot deny him later. This, I assume was to avoid the chaos of peers coming up with all sorts of excuses to switch heirs on a whim.
Having a title left in a will, which follows from the above. A title cannot be willed to whomever the peer in question chooses. It goes according to the original letters patent, which almost always say that it will go to the oldest legitimate male in direct descent. The property can be left elsewhere, unless it is entailed, but the title goes by legitimate blood.
Having an heiress (ie a daughter without brothers) inherit a title and convey it to her husband. It could be done — anything could — by special decree of the Crown, but it was not at all normal.

The question was asked: When writing historical fiction, does one create a title for a character, or do you have to research a title and just use a disclaimer?

Answer: always make it up. When you’ve come up with a title you like, do an internet search to see if it exists. Also check The Peerage and do a search in Googlebooks advanced search. You can choose date of publication, so you could do a broad search there for the Earl of Glaringdangerously published between 1800 and 1830 and see if any reference turns up.

You don’t want to give your fictional character a title that was in use at the time. The main reason is that it’s uncouth to appropriate someone’s identity. In addition, some, perhaps many, readers will be aware of the real peer which will destroy the fictional reality you’re trying to create. Bear in mind that most peers were simple Lord xxxxxx, so you can’t have an Earl of Smilingcharmingly when there was a Viscount Smilingcharmingly. If the title was in use in any way, don’t use it.

Your internet search should pull up any other uses of the title, and life peerages mean there are lots today. They weren’t around a hundred years ago, but it’s still not couth to use their title in a fictional work set in the past. Most take their surnames as title, but that can cover a lot of ground. There’s a Lord Sugar and a Lord Adonis, both men who’ve made their way in life from a simple start.

If you really like your title but it exists or existed, it may be possible to alter it and retain the quality that appeals to you. You may fancy Lord Amesbury, but he existed. You could have Lord Aymesbury or Lord Embury.

A good place to hunt for titles is on large scale maps that show the names of villages. Often remainder houses sell last year’s large scale UK road atlases for under $10, or you can simply use googlemaps and zoom in. Same thing for surnames. Place names are often specific for certain areas of Britain, so if your character’s family has been in Suffolk for generations, look at Suffolk villages for ideas for names.

Or you can get into genealogical records if you want something really local. That’s how I came up with a smuggler called Melchisadeck Clyst!

I hope this helps, and though I’m pretty sure it’s right it is open to debate and amendment. Please e-mail me at jo at jobevdotcom if you have comments.

Copyright Jo Beverley. You may link to this article or share it, but of you share it I ask that you observe the following rules. Please don’t alter it in any way, and please keep the copyright notice in place. Don’t use it to make money for yourself or your organization. If possible, include the URL of my web site so people can find out more about my books.

Regency divider

That’s Jo Beverley’s article, in its entirety. I’m a huge fan of her Regency novels, and heard her speak at a couple of RWA conferences. She will be missed. (That’s an understatement.) See her bio at Wikipedia: Jo Beverley.

Also, Jo’s Facebook page is worth browsing. Great trivia for Regency enthusiasts. (Similar to information from her website, it’s smart to save any links and references, in case her Facebook page vanishes.)

Inspiration – Award-Winning Regencies

Old books To understand what makes Regency romances popular, or simply for a great read, read any of these award-winning books.

(Links will take you to Amazon.com.)

Romance Writers of America – Regency Award Winners

1984	Golden Medallion, Best Category Historical	The Clergyman’s Daughter by Julia Jeffries
1985	Golden Medallion for Best Regency	The Lurid Lady Lockport by Kasey Michaels
1986	Golden Medallion for Best Regency	The Beauty’s Daughter by Monette Cummings
1987	Golden Medallion for Best Regency	Lord Abberley’s Nemesis by Amanda Scott
1988	Golden Medallion for Best Regency	The Sugar Rose by Susan Carroll
1989	Golden Medallion for Best Regency	Brighton Road by Susan Carroll
1990	RITA for Best Regency	The Rake and the Reformer by Mary Jo Putney
1991	RITA for Best Regency	The Sandalwood Princess by Loretta Chase
1992	RITA for Best Regency	Emily and the Dark Angel by Jo Beverley
1993	RITA for Best Regency	An Unwilling Bride by Jo Beverley
1994	RITA for Best Regency	Deirdre and Don Juan by Jo Beverley
1995	RITA for Best Regency	Mrs. Drew Plays Her Hand by Carla Kelly
1996	RITA for Best Regency	Gwen’s Christmas Ghost by Lynn Kerstan & Alicia Rasley
1997	RITA for Best Regency	The Lady’s Companion by Carla Kelly
1998	RITA for Best Regency	Love’s Reward by Jean R. Ewing
1999	RITA for Best Regency	His Grace Endures by Emma Jensen
2000	RITA for Best Regency	The Rake’s Retreat by Nancy Butler
2001	RITA for Best Regency	A Grand Design by Emma Jensen
2002	RITA for Best Regency	Much Obliged by Jessica Benson
2003	RITA for Best Regency	A Debt to Delia by Barbara Metzger
2004	RITA for Best Regency	Prospero’s Daughter by Nancy Butler
2005	RITA for Best Regency	A Passionate Endeavor by Sophia Nash
2006	RITA for Best Regency	A Reputable Rake by Diane Gaston
2007	No award in this category	—
2008	RITA for Best Regency Historical Romance	The Secret Diaries of Miss Miranda Cheever by Julia Quinn
2009	RITA for Best Regency Historical Romance	My Lord and Spymaster by Joanna Bourne
2010	RITA for Best Regency Historical Romance	What Happens in London by Julia Quinn
2011	RITA for Best Regency Historical Romance	The Mischief of the Mistletoe by Lauren Willig
2012	RITA for Best Regency Historical Romance	A Night to Surrender by Tessa Dare

Since 2102, there have been no RWA awards specifically for Regency romances, though some Regency-ish books have won awards in RWA’s Historical Romance categories.

They include:

2013 – A Rogue by Any Other Name by Sarah MacLean
2014 – No Good Duke Goes Unpunished by Sarah MacLean
2015 – Romancing the Duke by Tessa Dare

Are any of these among your favorites? Did any disappoint you? Leave a comment and let me know what you’ve liked — and didn’t like — among these authors. (If you’d like to suggest a better book, please do!)

Regency Romances – One Category, Two Subgenres

Amazon.com often combines two main sub-genres into hearts one category: “Regency Romance.”

However, many readers are looking for a particular kind of romance set in the Regency (1811 – 1820).

Writing styles can separate regency romances into two broad camps. In fact, I’d consider them sub-genres.*

Many Regency romances are carefully patterned after Jane Austen’s stories. That’s especially true of Austen “sequels.”
Others are more like Georgette Heyer’s novels. In recent years, many of them have spun-off further in the direction of “comedies of manners” or erotica, or both.

Austen-ish Books

Jane Austen’s books are iconic. They’re set in her own time and place: Regency England. Her stories regularly include elements of romance and wit. They also cast a harsh light on the challenges and inequities of her time, especially for women.

Many “sequels” to Jane Austen’s books — the ones written in a style similar to hers — are in this category, as well.

However, some sequels are far more comedic. Others, such as “Pride and Prejudice and Zombies,” are closer to parodies.

Regency Revisited – Georgette Heyer

A second sub-genre from the Regency period include romantic “comedies of manners.” They may have subplots that involve mystery, intrigue, and suspense, but – first and foremost – wit and banter (especially between hero and heroine) are essential.

While sexual intimacy might be part of Heyer’s stories, it rarely occurred on center stage. Her books sometimes featured adult premises, but — in general — her Regency period romances were “clean” by today’s standards.

Georgette Heyer is the iconic author for this subgenre, and some fans insist that she invented it.

Other novelists were inspired by Georgette Heyer, including prolific author Barbara Cartland (723 novels).

It’s after those books, perhaps more than Austen’s, that many of today’s Regency romances are styled.

Heyer Revisited – Retro Regency Romances

Like most fiction, Regency romances are popular in waves, and each of those waves brings changes. Starting in the 1970s, some (not all) Regency romances included explicit sex. At the time, they were described as “spicy” regencies.

Chaste romances set in the Regency era were called “sweet.”

Those labels are still in use, but many publishers also use terms like “clean” or “sexy” to make differences clear.

What’s Your Style?

For some authors, the line blurs between Austen-ish books and Heyer-like romances.

Many authors struggle to define their works. For example, D. G. Rampton coined the phrase “Retro Regency Romance” to describe her historical romances, which lean more towards “the retro-esque Georgette Heyer part of the spectrum.”

While developing your own writing “voice,” decide your influences before putting virtual pen to paper.

Study them carefully, deciding what you like best about each. Read reviews of their books, especially at Amazon and Goodreads. Take notes, and use them when plotting and writing your own books.

Most successful Regency romances draw from both Austen’s inspiration and the more modern “comedy of manners” style, but lean heavily in one direction or the other.

If you have a clear, consistent, and reliable voice in your regency romances, you’ll attract readers who’ll buy everything you write.